Toyota continues to assert that hydrogen fuel cells represent the future, and honestly, it’s a tough argument to make. I’ve expressed my doubts about it multiple times, and I certainly can’t be the only one. Part of me wonders if that’s why Toyota invited me to their Arizona proving grounds last week—to witness it firsthand. I accepted the invitation, and after an entire day interacting with engineers and observing the manufacturer’s hydrogen technology up close, I can confidently say: I nearly comprehend it.
So much about hydrogen fuel cells nearly makes sense. If you were unaware of anything regarding cars, trucks, or the infrastructure necessary to fuel them, you might consider hydrogen to be the greatest innovation since sliced bread. “You’re saying I can fuel my everyday vehicle with the most plentiful element on Earth, drive 300 or 400 miles, and the only output is water? Fantastic.” Toyota even throws in $15,000 worth of free fuel for anyone who decides to purchase a Mirai, their sole existing FCEV passenger vehicle. It’s unfortunate that people are still reluctant to approach it.
This was on my mind as I traveled on a shuttle bus packed with journalists from Phoenix to the desert town of Wittmann, Arizona. Toyota possesses a 12,000-acre parcel of land with various testing surfaces and scenarios to develop your next Camry or RAV4. We were met with a packed agenda featuring walkthroughs and ride-alongs with different hydrogen-powered vehicles. The main gathering point was a large hospitality tent powered by a fuel-cell generator housed in the bed of a Toyota Tundra. More on that later.
The Concept
Toyota’s grand vision is to utilize hydrogen for scalable power generation for electric vehicles at scale. The italicized portion is the tough aspect, as Toyota has shown over the years that it can manufacture fuel-cell EVs. Primarily, this has been accomplished with the Mirai—a stylish sedan that only makes sense if you have a very particular application in mind. Toyota aims to boost interest in hydrogen through concepts like the Tacoma H2 Overlander created for SEMA.
That vehicle was there to greet us as we arrived at TAPG, a facility that doesn’t frequently host journalists like me. Toyota tends to test confidential items here, and honestly, it felt as if Toyota had many secrets about hydrogen. I’m unsure how else to interpret the world’s largest car manufacturer investing tens of millions into a fuel that has lost momentum in the U.S., with at least one executive claiming it will “supplant” diesel in our lifetimes.
From the viewpoint of the public, hydrogen appears to be a fascinating side project for the manufacturer; however, from Toyota’s perspective, it plays an essential role in what the brand describes as its “multi-pathway” approach to achieving carbon neutrality. The automaker that made a significant investment in hybrids has been prudent with battery electric vehicles, but insists that FCEVs—which depend on an infrastructure that is nearly non-existent across much of the country—are essential too.
I feel there’s a fundamental misinterpretation occurring. We’re viewing Toyota, the producer of Camrys, Corollas, and RAV4s, as if it anticipates bringing hydrogen into play with those vehicles shortly. However, after engaging with the engineers and executives involved in these H2 initiatives, it became evident that Toyota is broadening its perspective, seeing hydrogen as a solution for niches that may not be apparent to the average person.
Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Workhorses
Tractors like the one depicted here are already operational at the Port of Long Beach. Their trailers are frequently loaded by hydrogen fuel-cell Toyota forklifts, and their tanks are replenished with hydrogen produced on-site. It’s the ideal use case for a truck with approximately 400 miles of range, which is comparable to a Tesla Semi but significantly less than long-haul diesel semis that can cover more than 1,500 miles due to their substantial fuel capacity.
The battery in the FCEV semi-truck forms a cradle around its frame, where diesel tanks would typically be found. The hydrogen is stored behind the cab in six pill-shaped, nearly indestructible containers.
Most of the new Peterbilts and Kenworths currently seen on the roads house a substantial Cummins engine. Typically, it’s an X15 model delivering over 500 horsepower. That’s quite powerful, yet I rode along in one during a drag race against a fuel-cell semi and lost dramatically. Both weighed in at 80,000 pounds combined, and as seen in the video, the driver’s foot was on the accelerator. Much of this can be attributed to the Toyota-powered truck’s four-speed automatic compared to the diesel semi needing to shift through its 12-speed transmission.
More significant than any unique drag race test is the remarkably quiet operation of the FCEV semi. Many truck drivers—in fact, most of those I know—might prefer the exhaust growl of a diesel straight-six, but eventually, it can become tiresome. People may develop hearing issues over time and, more obviously, they tire from the continual vibrations and jolting. You don’t have to manage that with these.
These are far cleaner, more powerful, and more comfortable than diesel semis. I can understand why someone would opt for one instead of a conventional truck, especially if they return to the same hub daily.
The Way Hydrogen Could Work Right Now
I referenced that Tundra with the fuel-cell generator a moment ago. I believe this might represent the technology’s most promising application—at least presently. Toyota modified a Mirai fuel-cell and some other components from their inventory, like a RAV4 air intake box, to create the mobile power unit. Importantly, the Tundra does not possess an onboard hydrogen supply; instead, it’s connected through a braided line to a caged hydrogen container situated over 25 feet away.
I spend considerable time around diesel and gas generators, and I can assure you that not even the most silent internal-combustion inverter compares to Toyota’s hydrogen fuel-cell unit. This is fortunate for tent campers somewhat disrupted at night by their RV neighbors operating their power supplies all night. It’s also beneficial for people in crowded urban areas during power grid failures when large buildings need to rely on backup power to keep their lights operational.
One of the best aspects of hydrogen fuel cells that I saw firsthand: They are incredibly scalable. Consequently, they could become a valuable resource for industrial uses—emphasis on could there.
What would be even more intriguing is if Toyota could expand the patent-pending technology designed for the Tacoma H2 Overland project. That vehicle utilizes the water created by the hydrogen fuel cell, filters it, and delivers it through a hose for campers to wash their hands or dishes. It’s an independent, self-replenishing water source. Imagine that same concept but applied to industrial generators and power supplies.
The Tundra equipped with the hydrogen fuel cell generator generated slightly over two gallons of water after six hours of running. I can’t help but ponder that a larger generator, intended to power an entire hospital or logistics warehouse, could yield substantially more. The possibilities of what you could do with that water are limitless, and while this certainly isn’t an endorsement for such actions, I heard at least one individual had drunk it without any filtration. (Reportedly, it’s tasteless, even more so than bottled water due to a lack of minerals.)
In my opinion, when combined with the potential for local freight delivery, the opportunities are massive.
What’s Stopping It
This is the reason I can’t fully embrace the hydrogen concept, and it’s a considerable one: Where on Earth will we source it? It’s not a new concern, yet it remains the most significant obstacle. Toyota is aware of this, you know it, and my coworker Joel voices it whenever he can.
I heard a few engineers reference their hydrogen suppliers, one of which delivered to a remote location during the Rebelle Rally. Those prepared to transport it reportedly will do so anywhere. However, this isn’t as convenient as pulling up to one of a dozen gas stations within a mile of your current location.
It likely won’t be until large chains opt to offer hydrogen that we will witness its widespread adoption—if they ever do, which I remain skeptical about. Storing it presents challenges since hydrogen molecules are so tiny and volatile that they require specialized containers. And although you might see corporations such as ExxonMobil and Chevron publish press releases regarding the potential of hydrogen, I can’t help but doubt their genuine commitment to its substantial growth to the extent it challenges Big Oil in any meaningful way.
Toyota is working on making hydrogen fuel more widespread, but even as the world’s largest automaker, a significant collaborative effort will be necessary for it to flourish in the U.S. Government backing is one evident method this could manifest, yet it would be naive to rely on that from the current federal administration. States like Arizona have uncovered vast hydrogen reserves underground, so perhaps they would be inclined to cooperate. However, many gas stations, whether independently owned or part of regional chains, lack the resources to supply it at their pumps.
There is potential for the hydrogen fueling infrastructure to develop significantly before we return to the earth, and it’s worth noting that hydrogen is the most plentiful element on the planet, but boy… it will be a challenge.
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**An Experience at Toyota’s Testing Grounds: Perspectives from a Former Hydrogen Doubter**
In the center of the automotive universe, Toyota’s Testing Grounds in California serves as a benchmark for innovation and engineering prowess. This facility, covering over 4,000 acres, is where the future of transportation is examined and honed. For many, including me, visiting this location was a transformative experience, particularly in recognizing the potential of hydrogen fuel cell technology.
**The Adventure Begins**
As a past skeptic regarding hydrogen as a feasible energy solution for vehicles, my initial beliefs were primarily influenced by the challenges tied to hydrogen production, storage, and distribution. However, upon entering Toyota’s facility, I was immediately impressed by the dedication to sustainability and the progress being made in hydrogen technology.
**A Dedication to Hydrogen**
Toyota has been at the forefront in the advancement of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), with the Mirai being one of the most prominent examples. Throughout the tour, engineers and researchers shared insights into the rigorous testing protocols that vehicles undergo to ensure safety, efficiency, and functionality. The Testing Grounds comprise a variety of terrains and situations, facilitating thorough assessments of how hydrogen vehicles operate in real-world contexts.
**Comprehending the Technology**
One of the most enlightening aspects of the visit was the in-depth explanation of the mechanics of hydrogen fuel cells. Unlike conventional combustion engines, hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, dispersing only water vapor as an output. This method not only curtails greenhouse gas emissions but also offers a remedy for the limitations of battery electric vehicles, especially concerning range and refueling duration.
**Practical Applications**
Observing the testing of hydrogen vehicles in various environments helped to alleviate my concerns. The Testing Grounds replicate diverse driving conditions, from steep slopes to extreme climates, illustrating the durability and dependability of hydrogen technology. Engineers showcased how the Mirai could perform in demanding situations, emphasizing its potential for widespread use in both personal and commercial sectors.
**The Future of Hydrogen**
During conversations with Toyota’s specialists, it became apparent that hydrogen is not merely a specialized solution but an integral factor in a wider plan for sustainable transportation. The company envisions a reality where hydrogen can fuel not only cars but also buses, trucks, and even trains, contributing to a zero-emission future. The network for hydrogen refueling is likewise expanding, with collaborations and investments aimed at enhancing hydrogen’s accessibility for consumers.
**Conclusion**
My trip to Toyota’s Testing Grounds significantly reshaped my understanding of hydrogen fuel cell technology. What previously seemed to be an unworkable solution now presents itself as a promising pathway for achieving sustainable transportation. Toyota’s commitment to fostering hydrogen technology and the thorough testing conducted at their Testing Grounds offer a glimpse into a future where hydrogen could be a crucial element in minimizing our carbon footprint. As the automotive sector continues to evolve, it is evident that hydrogen is a significant contributor to the pursuit of cleaner and more efficient transport solutions.